Themes in Biology Review (Chapter 1)
KEY TERMS
Be able to define/describe these terms.
emergent property holism evolution
control group population reductionism
natural selection variable community
prokaryotic scientific method experimental group
ecosystem eukaryotic hypothesis
deductive reasoning biome taxonomy inductive reasoning
scientific theory biogenesis domain
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species scientific law
Review Questions
1. Briefly describe unifying themes that pervade the science of biology.
2. Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology.
3. Describe seven emergent properties associated with life.
4. Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.
5. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
6. Explain what is meant by "form fits function."
7. List the five kingdoms of life and distinguish among them. Compare the old 5-kingdom system of organization with the new 3-domain system now in use.
8. Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the conceptual framework of biology.
9. Outline the scientific method.
10. Explain how science and technology are interdependent.
11. Compare and contrast scientific law and scientific theory.
Introductory Chemistry Review (Chapters 2 &3)
KEY TERMS
Be able to define/describe these terms.
matter hydroxide ion inorganic
pH atom buffer
element nonpolar covalent bond acid
polar covalent bond base single bond
double bond ionic bond anion
isotope cation hydrogen ion
hydrogen bond valence electrons hydrophobic
hydrophobic interactions hydration hydrophilic
half-life compound amphipathic
ion surface tension dissociation
capillarity (=capillary action) ionic bond specific heat
freezing point of water ionization heat of vaporization
molecule solvent molecular formula
solute structural formula aqueous solution
Review Questions
1. Describe atomic structure, using the terms proton, neutron, electron, atomic number, mass number, atomic weight, valence and orbital. Indicate what is meant by electrons in an "excited state" and those in a "ground state"
2. Explain what an isotope is and give two important physical properties of isotopes that make them useful in biological research. Define half-life.
3. Determine the number of neutrons when given the atomic number and mass number of an atom.
4. State the four elements that make up 96% of living matter.
5. Explain how electron configuration influences the chemical behavior of atoms.
6. Define electronegativity and explain how it influences the formation of chemical bonds.
7. Explain the octet rule and predict how many bonds a specific atom might form.
8. Explain why the noble gases are so unreactive.
9. Using diagrams, explain what an ion is, and how it forms. Describe an ionic bond.
10. Describe a covalent bond and tell how it differs from an ionic bond. Relate the structure of an atom to its chemical properties and to the type of chemical bond it forms.
11. Explain the important role of weak chemical bonds in the organization of living things.
12. Describe the formation of a hydrogen bond and explain how it differs from a covalent or ionic bond.
13. Describe the special physical properties of water.
14. Draw two water molecules in a way that illustrates a hydrogen bond.
15. Explain the relationship between the polar nature of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds.
16. Describe the structure and geometry of a water molecule, and explain what properties emerge as a result of this structure.
17. Describe how water contributes to the fitness of the environment to support life.
18, List five characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding.
19. Explain how water's high specific heat, high heat of vaporization and expansion upon
freezing affect both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
20. Explain how the polarity of the water molecule makes it a versatile solvent.
21. Describe the biological importance of the cohesiveness of water.
22. Distinguish between heat and temperature.
23. Explain the basis for the pH scale.
24. Explain why buffers important to living things. Explain how a buffer system works.
Biochemistry Review (Chapters 4 & 5)
KEY TERMS
Be able to define/describe these terms.
organic chemistry denatured proteins carbon
hydrocarbon nucleic acids
isomer DNA single bond
double bond purines functional group
adenine hydroxyl guanine
carbonyl pyrimidines aldehyde
cytosine ketone thymine
amino uracil phosphate
RNA macromolecule monomer
polymer monosaccharide glucose
disaccharide dehydration synthesis(=condensation reaction)
maltose sucrose lactose
hydrolysis polysaccharide starch
glycogen cellulose chitin
fatty acid saturated unsaturated
phospholipid steroid amino acid
peptide bond polypeptide disulfide bond
primary structure alpha helix secondary structure
fibrous proteins keratins pleated sheet
tertiary structure quaternary structure
Review Questions
Chapter 4
1. Explain how carbon’s electron configuration determines the kinds and number of
bonds carbon will form.
2. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary, and explain how this variation contributes
to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules.
3. Distinguish among the three types of isomers: structural, geometric and enantiomers (stereo isomers).
4. Recognize the major functional groups, and describe the chemical properties of
organic molecules in which they occur. See table 4.1 on page 60.
Chapter 5
* Describe the monomers for carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
* Identify the main macromolecules of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids.
* Recognize the structural formulas for the main macromolecules for carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids.
1. List the four major classes of biomolecules.
2. Describe the principles relating to formation of macromolecules (polymers) from monomers, and the formation of monomers from polymers. Explain how organic polymers contribute to biological diversity.
3. Describe how covalent linkages are formed (dehydration synthesis, condensation, building up of macromolecules) and broken (hydrolysis, breaking down of macromolecules) in organic polymers.
4. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of carbohydrates, and explain how they are classified. Describe the monomer for carbohydrates.
5. List four characteristics of a sugar.
6. Identify a glycosidic linkage and describe how it is formed.
7. Describe the important biological functions of polysaccharides.
8. Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose, and explain why the difference is biologically important.
9. Explain what distinguishes lipids from other major classes of macromolecules.
10. Describe the unique properties, building block molecules and biological importance of the three important groups of lipids: fats, phospholipids and steroids.
11. Identify an ester linkage and describe how it is formed.
12. Distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated fat, and list some unique emergent properties that are a consequence of these structural differences.
13. Describe the characteristics that distinguish proteins from the other major classes of macromolecules, and explain the biologically important functions of this group.
14. List & recognize four major components of an amino acid (the monomer of a protein). Explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the side chains.
15. Identify a peptide bond and explain how it is formed.
16. Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important.
17. Define primary structure and describe how it may be deduced in the laboratory.
18. Describe the two types of secondary protein structure, and explain the role of hydrogen bonds in maintaining the structure.
19. Explain how weak interactions & disulfide bonds contribute to tertiary protein structure.
20. Using collagen and hemoglobin as examples, describe quaternary protein structure.
21. Define denaturation and explain how proteins may be denatured.
22. Describe the characteristics that distinguish nucleic acids from other macromolecules.
23. Summarize the functions of nucleic acids.
24. List the major components of a nucleotide (the monomer for nucleic acids), and describe how these monomers are linked together to form a nucleic acid.
25. Distinguish between a pyrimidine and a purine.
26. List the functions of nucleotides.
27. Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA
Book Review Questions
Chapter 2: MC #1-10, STS #1-2
Chapter 3: MC #1-3, 5, 6, 8-10, STS #2
Chapter 4: MC #1-9, Challenge #1, STS #2
Chapter 5: MC #1-10, Challenge #1-2, STS #1-2